Prior
to 2009, most earthquakes in the U.S. occurred in California. But since
2009, towns and cities across the central and eastern United States saw
a dramatic rise in seismic activity, earthquakes and sinkholes. The
U.S. Geological Survey earthquake hazards program cites that beginning
in 1978 through 2008, the central and eastern parts of the U.S.
experienced 844 earthquakes magnitude 3 and greater. During the period
from 2009 to 2013, that rate jumped to 2,897 earthquakes – a 343 percent
increase – and it keeps rising. In 2014 alone, more than 659 M3 plus
earthquakes were recorded. The question that begs answering is why the
sudden increase in earthquakes and sinkhole development. Are these
earthquakes natural or man-made?
The Sinkhole that Swallowed a Town
In
August of 2012, after months of mysterious seismic activity and
baffling bubbling on the Louisiana Bayou, a massive sinkhole opened near
the small town of Bayou Corne, 77 miles west of New Orleans. The 1-acre
sinkhole began swallowing trees whole
and grew to 34 acres over the course of the next four years. State
scientists blamed the Texas Brine Company for causing the sinkhole by
drilling too close to the salt dome’s outer edge, resulting in a
$48.1-million-dollar settlement with the town’s residents.
Real or Man-Made Earthquakes?
To
analyze the problem, USGS began setting up temporary seismic monitoring
stations across the region. This allows the department’s scientists to
pinpoint more accurately seismic locations to determine if there is a
relationship between mining, fracking and wastewater injections and
human-induced earthquakes. The results were so revealing that in 2016,
the USGS released its first-ever induced earthquake model which
incorporated both natural occurring and man-made earthquake hazards.
Hydraulic Fracking and Wastewater Injection Risks
The
USGS minimizes the effects of hydraulic fracking and instead indicates
that most human-induced earthquakes result from the injection into the
Earth of wastewater derived from oil and gas production mining
operations.
In operations where
mining activities removes gas or oil through fracking, much of the
wastewater is inserted back into the same area without causing
earthquakes or sinkholes. But in areas where wastewater wells are
drilled to receive the byproducts of these mining operations, these
fluids are inserted into areas never before drilled, causing an increase
in subterranean pressure that often lead to human-induced earthquakes.
Minimizing Risks of Human-Induced Earthquakes
A
study completed in September 2016 by researcher and Arizona State
University geophysicist Manoochehr Shirzaei claims that there are ways
to mitigate and reduce human-caused earthquakes. Scientists in the study
compared a region near Timpson, Texas – site of a 4.8 magnitude
earthquake – with satellite radar images from May 2007 to November 2013
and discovered an uplift in the area from the injection of wastewater
into the subterranean rock. Further computer simulations, using the
uplifted area, showed that the wastewater seeped away from the injection
sites, boosting water pressure and eventually flowing into known
earthquake fault zones.
The
increased pore pressure – the buildup of water in small spaces
surrounding subterranean rock – suggested by the computer model was
enough to trigger earthquakes 3.5 to 4.5 kilometers beneath the Earth’s
surface. The study, published in the Science journal, allows
researchers to estimate increased underground pressure during wastewater
injection, allowing mining companies to stop injecting more fluids into
the Earth before the pressure reaches a dangerous stage.
Hydraulic Fracking, Oil and Gas Production Regulations
The
Environmental Protection Agency and state environmental departments
serve as the watch guard for hydraulic fracking, wastewater injection
wells and oil and gas mining operations. The purpose of these
organization is to regulate permitting, construction and operation, as
well as the closure, of injection wells created during hydraulic
fracking and gas and oil production.
In
addition to these regulations, the EPA has authority to regulate
hydraulic fracking that uses diesel fuels in the process. The
regulations serve to protect natural water resources underground. One
drawback: the EPA does not regulate gas or oil wells solely used for
production.
NASA Radar Imaging Predictions
Just
prior to the Bayou Corne’s sinkhole collapse in 2012, a review of NASA
radar imaging showed that region of Louisiana had the potential for a
sinkhole to develop. The images of the area collected by NASA’s C-20A
jet and Airborne Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar measures and detects
abnormalities in the Earth’s surface. When NASA researchers Cathleen
Jones and Ron Blom – of the Jet Propulsion NASA lab in Pasadena –
reviewed the images, they realized the data showed the impending
collapse of the Bayou Corne sinkhole a month in advance of the event.
The area first bulged upwards of 10.2 inches just prior to the collapse.
ASU geophysicist Manoochehr Shirzaei used similar data to reach his
conclusions for the area surrounding Timpson, Texas.
Protecting People and the Environment
History
and facts show that careless mining practices can impact or destroy an
area’s water quality, cause earthquakes or lead to sinkholes. With
governmental regulations and continued oversight, advanced radar imagery
and a willingness by mining companies to adhere to regulations, mining
operations need not be detrimental to the environment, people or their
homes.
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