In general armature winding is classified as,
1) Single layer and double layer winding.
2) Full pitch and short pitch winding.
3) Concentrated and distributed winding.
1.1) Single Layer and Double Layer Winding
If a slot consists of only one coil side, winding is said to be single
layer. This is shown in the Fig. 1(a). While there are two coil sides
per slot, one at the bottom and one at the top the winding is called
double layer as shown in the Fig. 1(b).
A lot of space gets wasted in single layer hence in practice generally double layer winding is preferred.
1.2) Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding
As seen earlier, one pole pitch is electrical. The value of 'n',
slots per pole indicates how many slots are contributing electrical
phase difference. So if coil side in one slot is connected to a coil
side in another slot which is one pole pitch distance away from first
slot, the winding is said to be full pitch winding and coil is called
full pitch coil.
For example, in 2 pole, 18 slots alternator, the pole pitch is n =
18/2 = 9 slots. So if coil side in slot No.1 is connected to coil side
No.10 such that two slots No.1 and No.10 are one pole pitch or n slots
or 180o electrical apart, the coil is called full pitch coil.
Here we can define one more term related to a coil called coil span.
1.2.1 Coil Span
It is the distance on the periphery of the armature between two
coil sides of a coil. It is usually expressed interms of number of slots
or degrees electrical. So if coil span is 'n' slots or 180o electrical the coil is called full pitch coil. This is shown in the Fig. 2.
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| Fig. 2 Full Pitch Coil |
As against this if coils are is slightly less than a pole pitch
i.e. less than 180 electrical, the coils are called, short pitched coils
or fractional pitched coils. Generally coils are shorted by one or two
slots.
So in 18 slots, 2 pole alternator instead of connecting a coil
side in slot No. 1 to slot No.10, it is connected to a coil side in slot
No.9 or slot No. 8, coil is said to be short pitched coil and winding
is called short pitch winding. This is shown in Fig. 3.
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| Fig. 3 Short Pitch Coil |
1.2.2 Advantages of Short Pitch Coils
In actual practice, short pitch coils are used as it has following advantages,
1) The length required for the end connections of coils is less i.e.
inactive length of winding is less. So less copper is required. Hence
economical.
2) Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the
sinusoidal nature of e.m.f. Hence waveform of an induced e.m.f. is more
sinusoidal due to short pitching.
3) As high frequency harmonics get eliminated, eddy current and
hysteresis losses which depend on frequency also get minimised. This
increases the efficiency.
