9s complement and 10s complement | Subtraction

Under Digital ElectronicsBefore knowing about 9's complement and 10's complement we should know why they are used and why their concept came into existence. The complements are used to make the arithmetic operations in digital system easier. In this article we will discuss about the following topics
(1) 9s complement
(2) 10s complement
(3) 9s complement subtraction
(4) 10s complement subtraction

Now first of all let us know what 9's complement is and how it is done. To obtain the 9,s complement of any number we have to subtract the number with (10ⁿ - 1) where n = number of digits in the number, or in a simpler manner we have to divide each digit of the given decimal number with 9. The table given below will explain the 9's complement more easily

Decimal digit	9s complement
0	9
1	8
2	7
3	6
4	5
5	4
6	3
7	2
8	1
9	0

Now coming to 10's complement, it is relatively easy to find out the 10's complement after finding out the 9,s complement of that number. We have to add 1 with the 9,s complement of any number to obtain the desired 10's complement of that number. Or if we want to find out the 10's complement directly, we can do it by following the following formula, (10ⁿ - number), where n = number of digits in the number. An example is given below to illustrate the concept of obtaining 10’s complement


Let us take a decimal number 456, 9's complement of this number will be
 
10's complement of this no


9's complement subtraction We will understand this method of subtraction via an example A = 215 B = 155 We want to find out A-B by 9's complement subtraction method First we have to find out 9’s complement of B
 
Now we have to add 9’s complement of B to A
 
The left most bit of the result is called carry and is added back to the part of the result without it
Another different type of example is given A = 4567 B = 1234 We need to find out A - B 9's complement of B 8765 Adding 9's complement of B with A


Adding the carry with the result we get 3333 Now the answer is - 3333 NB if there is no carry the answer will be – (9’s complement of the answer) Subtraction by 10's complement Again we will show the procedure by an example Taking the same data A = 215 B = 155 10's complement of B = 845 Adding 10’s complement of B to A

In this case the carry is omitted The answer is 60 Taking the other example A = 4567 B = 1234 10's complement of B = 8766 Adding 10's complement of B with A

To get the answer the carry is ignored So, the answer is - 3333 NB. If there is a carry then the answer is – (10's complement of the sum obtained)