Short Circuit Current of Circuit Breaker

When there is a short circuit fault in the electrical system, huge short circuit current flows through the system including the circuit breaker contacts unless the fault is cleared by tripping the CB. When the short circuit current flows through the CB, the different current carrying parts of the circuit breaker subjected to huge mechanical and thermal tresses. If the conducting parts of the CB do not have sufficient cross-sectional area, there may be a chance of dangerously high temperature rise. This high temperature may affect insulation quality of the CB.

The CB contacts also experience high temperature. The thermal tresses of CB contacts are proportional to I²Rt, where R is the contact resistance, depends upon contact pressure and contact surface condition. I is the rms value of short circuit current and t is duration far which the short circuit current has flown through the contacts.

 After initiating fault, the short circuit current stays until the interrupting unit of CB, breaks. Hence, time t is breaking time of the circuit breaker. As this time is very less in scale of mili second, it is assumed that all the heat produced during fault is absorbed by the conductor since there is no sufficient time for convention and radiation of heat.

The temperature rise can be determined by the following formula,

Where, T is the temperature rise per second in degree centigrade.

I  is the  current (rms symmetrical) in Ampere.  

A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor. 

ε is the temperature coefficient of resistivity of the conductor at 20°C.   

As it is known to us, that aluminum above 160°C losses its mechanical strength and becomes soft, it is desired to limit the temperature rise below this temperature. This requirement actually sets the permissible temperature rise during short circuit. This limit can be achieved by controlling CB breaking time and proper designing of conductor dimension. 

Short Circuit Force 

The electromagnetic force developed between two parallel electric current carrying conductors, is given by the formula, 

Where, L is the length of the both conductors in inch.

S is the distance between them in inch. 

I  is the  current  carried by each of the conductors. 

It is experimentally proved that, electromagnetic short circuit force is maximum when the value of short circuit  current  I, is 1.75 times the initial rms value of the symmetrical short circuit  current  wave.   

However, in certain circumstances it is possible that, forces greater than these may develop, such as, for instance in the case of very rigid bars or due to resonance in the case of bars liable to mechanical vibration. Experiments have also shown that the reactions produced in a non resonating structure by an alternating  current  at the instant of application or removal of the forces may exceed the reactions experienced while the  current  is flowing. Thus it is advisable to error on the side of safety and to allow for all contingencies, for which one should take into account the maximum force which could be developed by the initial peak value of the asymmetrical short circuit current. This force may be taken as having a value which is twice of that calculated from the above formula. 

The formula is strictly useful for circular cross-sectional conductor. Although L is a finite length of the portions of conductors run parallel to each other, but the formula is only suitable where the total length of each conductor is assumed as infinite. 

In practical cases the total length of the conductor is not infinite. It is also considered in mind, that, the flux density near the ends of  current  carrying conductor is considerably different than its middle portion.  

Hence, if we use above formula for short conductor, the force calculated would be much higher than actual. 

It is seen that, this error may be eliminated considerably if we use the term,

 is stead of L/S in the above formula.

The formula then becomes,

The formula, represented by equation (2), gives error free result when the ratio L/S is greater than 20. When 20 > L/S > 4, formula (3) is suitable for error free result. If L/S < 4, formula (2) is suitable for error free result. The above formulas are only applicable for circular cross-sectional conductors. But for rectangular cross-sectional conductor, the formula needs to have some correction factor.

Say this factor is K. 

Hence the above formula ultimately becomes, 

Although the effect of shape of cross-section of conductor reduces rapidly if spacing between the conductor increases. The value of K is maximum for strip like conductor whose thickness is quite less than its width. K is negligible when shape of cross-section of conductor is perfectly square. K is unity for perfectly circular cross-sectional conductor.