So far, we have
studied the effects of electricity flowing through wires, and have
discussed resistors, coils, and metering devices. Both resistors and
coils, as we have found, have a restricting effect on the flow of
current. We also discussed how a coil has more resistance to AC than it
does to DC. You will learn later just how important these effects are,
but first we must discuss a few more electrical components. Another
component which has a restricting effect on current flow, but in a
different way. This component is called the CAPACITOR.
This is basically the same operating principle behind another of electronics most important components - the capacitor. The capacitor appears to have the effect of passing alternating current, while actually not passing anything. At the same time, it blocks the flow of direct current. Just as in the water circuit, the water flow in either given direction is blocked by the membrane, if we should push the water pressure, and hence the membrane back and forth, it would appear as if the membrane weren't there at all, except that the food coloring would not pass from one container to the other.
Now if we reverse the polarity of the battery, we see that the same thing happens again, only in reverse. As power is applied, the electrons on the now negativly charged plate of the capacitor will be attracted to the positive side of the battery. As these electrons now leave the plate, it will leave a deficiency of electrons, and the formerly negative plate will become positively charged. At the same time, the electrons from the negative side of the battery will move toward the positively charged plate until the positive plate swings negative.
Note that in the examples, the schematic symbol for the capacitor is very similar to that of the battery. There is good reason for this. In a battery, we have 2 (or more) conductive plates divided by some kind of dialectric material (usually an acid). In a capacitor, we have 2 (or more) plates divided by some kind of dialectric material - an insulator. A battery has the ability to generate electricity chemically, and can store energy for long periods of time. While a capacitor does not "generate" electricity, it does have some amazing "storage" capabilities, as we will discuss now.
Recall that when we applied power to the capacitor/lamp circuit, electric current flowed for an instant from one side of the battery and lit the lamp for a moment, but then the light went out? What took place, was while the electric current was flowing, a potential was being built up on the surface of the plates of the capacitor. As long as the potential kept building, current continued to flow, and the light remained lit. At some point, however, the capacitor reaches its maximum CAPACITY to hold an electric potential. In other words, it reaches its peak voltage limit, and we say the capacitor is fully charged. If at this time, we were to remove the battery from the circuit, the capacitor, in theory, would remain at full charge indefinately.
END OF IMPORTANT SAFETY TIPS
Capacitors come in many shapes and sizes, and each type has its very own
special characteristics. To the right is a small example of the
variety.
The most important values to keep in mind when replacing a capacitor are voltage and capacitance value. Depending on the circuit, it is usually acceptable to use a capacitor of a higher voltage rating that the one being replaced, but the capacitance value must remain the same.
Also keep in mind that some capacitors, especially electrolytics, may be polarized positive and negative. If you accidentally reverse the polarity, severe circuit damage, as well as possible injury, may occur. Always pay attention to which way you remove a component from circuit.
The symbol for Capacitance is C. The unit of capacitance is the FARAD. The symbol for Farads is F. The Farad is an extremely large quantity, so we typically speak of microfarads ( μf ), nanofarads ( nf ), and picofarads ( pf ). * Note: in some older texts, the term micromicrofarad ( mmf ) is used in lieu of pf.
The Capacitance (the amount of energy a capacitor can store) of a capacitor depends on 3 factors:
Where C is the capacitance in picofarads, A is the area of one of the plates in square inches, K is the dilectric constant of the insulative material seperating the plates, and D is the distance between the plates.
-
Once again, we will resort to our water examples to describe the
function of a capacitor, as it is easier to see fluid in motion, when it
is water, than when it is electricity. Examine the example on the
left. Here we have 2 tanks of water, equally full. The two tanks are
connected in the middle by a pipe or piece of tubing. Let us say now
that we have, in the middle of the tubing, a thin rubber membrane. The
membrane would keep the liquid in the two tanks from ever coming into
contact with each other. We could further illustrate this by adding
food coloring to one of the tanks of water.
- If we now take a plunger, and apply pressure to the tank on the
left, it will push the water downward, and try to push it out the tube
and into the other tank. However, the membrane will not allow the water
to actually exit the tank, and enter the second tank. While the two
systems are sealed off from one another, the rubber membrane would flex,
and allow the EFFECT of movement, in that it would push the water level
of the second tank higher, in direct proportion to the movement in the
first tank. For instance, assuming both tanks are of equal diameter, if
the first tank went down 2 inches, the second tank would rise 2 inches.
Now, if we should reverse the action, and push the plunger down in the second tank, it would move the membrane in the opposite direction, also moving the water within the tanks in the opposite direction, but AT NO TIME would the water flow from one tank into the other tank. It would have the effect of movement from one tank to the other, without actually having done so.
This is basically the same operating principle behind another of electronics most important components - the capacitor. The capacitor appears to have the effect of passing alternating current, while actually not passing anything. At the same time, it blocks the flow of direct current. Just as in the water circuit, the water flow in either given direction is blocked by the membrane, if we should push the water pressure, and hence the membrane back and forth, it would appear as if the membrane weren't there at all, except that the food coloring would not pass from one container to the other.
- In
its most basic form, a capacitor is made up of 2 plates of conducting
material (for instance copper, aluminium, iron), divided by a piece of
insulative material (for instance mica, air, or plastic). When we apply
an electric potential to the two plates, electricity will want to
attract and flow from one plate to the other, but the insulator will act
as the membrane, and block the flow of electricity. For this reason, a
capacitor blocks the flow of DC. As power is applied, a certain number
of electrons on one plate will be attracted to the positive side of the
battery.
These electrons, leaving the plate will leave it with a deficiency of
electrons, and the plate will be positively charged.
-
At the same time, electrons from the negative side of the battery will
see the positive charge on the plate, and want to move toward it. As
these electrons leave the negative side of the battery, they will pass
through our light bulb, and light it. We will notice, however that it
only lights for a moment.... just a split second! Why? Because between
the two plates of the capacitor is an insulator, and while the
electrons on the negative side may be attracted to the plate on the
positive side, the electric current can't pass through the insulator.
So our light flashes for just a second, and then goes out.
Now if we reverse the polarity of the battery, we see that the same thing happens again, only in reverse. As power is applied, the electrons on the now negativly charged plate of the capacitor will be attracted to the positive side of the battery. As these electrons now leave the plate, it will leave a deficiency of electrons, and the formerly negative plate will become positively charged. At the same time, the electrons from the negative side of the battery will move toward the positively charged plate until the positive plate swings negative.
Note that in the examples, the schematic symbol for the capacitor is very similar to that of the battery. There is good reason for this. In a battery, we have 2 (or more) conductive plates divided by some kind of dialectric material (usually an acid). In a capacitor, we have 2 (or more) plates divided by some kind of dialectric material - an insulator. A battery has the ability to generate electricity chemically, and can store energy for long periods of time. While a capacitor does not "generate" electricity, it does have some amazing "storage" capabilities, as we will discuss now.
Recall that when we applied power to the capacitor/lamp circuit, electric current flowed for an instant from one side of the battery and lit the lamp for a moment, but then the light went out? What took place, was while the electric current was flowing, a potential was being built up on the surface of the plates of the capacitor. As long as the potential kept building, current continued to flow, and the light remained lit. At some point, however, the capacitor reaches its maximum CAPACITY to hold an electric potential. In other words, it reaches its peak voltage limit, and we say the capacitor is fully charged. If at this time, we were to remove the battery from the circuit, the capacitor, in theory, would remain at full charge indefinately.
- If
at this time, we shorted the wires between the capacitor and lamp, such
that it formed a complete circuit, the lamp would light for just a
second.....
WITHOUT THE BATTERY. Where does the energy come from to light the lamp
if the battery is not connected? The answer lies in one of the magical
properties of the capacitor....it can STORE energy! When energy is
stored in a capacitor, we say it is charged. When a capacitor releases
its energy, we say it is discharging.
- Note that while batteries GENERATE a charge (chemically), capacators STORE them, and can release their stored charge VERY QUICKLY!!!
- Because capacitors STORE their charge, they can bite you even when equipment is turned off, unplugged, and the power cord cut in half.
- NEVER directly connect together the leads of a capacitor that you think might have a stored charge - it may possibly EXPLODE. Even if it doesn't, it may make a loud bang, which may startle a co-worker who may then touch or jump into a nearby live circuit, sharp object (or even a hard blunt one) and be injured or die.
- Even when sitting in an empty room with no electronics connected - some large capacitors can build a charge simply from static electricity it picks off out of the air. As such, large capacitors should be stored with the leads electrically connected so they can not build up a charge and possibly KILL the unsuspecting young intern that picks it up unawares.
- Not all capacitors LOOK like capacitors! Capacitors are simply 2 plates separated by a dialectric. I have personally been thrown across the room by an unsuspecting device (in my case it was a large tube) that was sitting dormant for over 2 years.
- Never throw a charged capacitor to a friend. He may beat the crap out of you after you get done laughing. In short - capacitors are not toys. They are down right deadly dangerous, and should ALWAYS be treated with respect
Capacitors come in many shapes and sizes, and each type has its very own
special characteristics. To the right is a small example of the
variety. The most important values to keep in mind when replacing a capacitor are voltage and capacitance value. Depending on the circuit, it is usually acceptable to use a capacitor of a higher voltage rating that the one being replaced, but the capacitance value must remain the same.
Also keep in mind that some capacitors, especially electrolytics, may be polarized positive and negative. If you accidentally reverse the polarity, severe circuit damage, as well as possible injury, may occur. Always pay attention to which way you remove a component from circuit.
The symbol for Capacitance is C. The unit of capacitance is the FARAD. The symbol for Farads is F. The Farad is an extremely large quantity, so we typically speak of microfarads ( μf ), nanofarads ( nf ), and picofarads ( pf ). * Note: in some older texts, the term micromicrofarad ( mmf ) is used in lieu of pf.
The Capacitance (the amount of energy a capacitor can store) of a capacitor depends on 3 factors:
- The Area of the plates
- The Distance between the Plates
- The Type of Dialectric
Where C is the capacitance in picofarads, A is the area of one of the plates in square inches, K is the dilectric constant of the insulative material seperating the plates, and D is the distance between the plates.
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